Mikhail Gorbachev opened up the Soviet Union by adding more churches, he wanted more people to start talking about their society. Things started to become better, one of his ideas was called glasnost. Glasnost was established in 1985, it was when the people talked about Soviet Union's issues, such as economy and political problems. Gorbachev wanted his people to come together and be open about their society, he wanted to hear their opinions too. Another one of Mikhail Gorbachev's ideas which was created was called peristrokia. Peristrokia was an idea to reform the economic system, and also the political system. 

The Collapse of Communism

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-Communism failed in Eastern Europe and in the U.S.S.R because nobody believeed in it anymore after Stalin. Another reason is that not many people were living good and they were struggling to survive. First they tried to knock over the Berlin Wall to make a private road for people that want to go on the other side of the wall. The next thiung they did was thaqt they decided to make a few borders crossing so that more people could travel across, soon after that hundreds of people broke the wall down



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Nelson Mandela and Apartheid

Apartheid
- Is a racial government system that put the black people in a different class level. They called the blck people "Bantu", black people were not able to vote, until 1990 which is when many public facilities were forced to use only one race. Another principal included the prohibition of mixed marriages and sexual relations between individuals of different race. The "Pass Laws" was created in 1950, which required all black people over the age of 16 to carry identity papers with them.

-Nelson Mandela was such a hero because he fought against racism, he wouldnt respect what the goverment instructed him and told him, his goal was to free South Africa. Mandela played a part in many dramatic demonstrations against the white ruled government. His career was cut in 1964 because he was sent to life in prison, after 27 years in prison he was released and his releasement stated the end of Apartheid. In less than 5 years after his release he was rewarded with the Noble Piece Prize and was elected president.



Mandela played a part in many dramatic demonstrations against the white-ruled government.

African Independence

African Independance
- Africa had a major change from 1955 to 1975. The reason for this is because in 1955 Africa was moslty full of colinies by 1975 the whole Africa was all independence countries. The only colonies were the South West Africa and Spanish Sahara.
Some leaders of certain nation were Nkrhuma which became the first prime minister of "Ghana"
Another leader was Jomo Kenyyata of Kenya.

Cuban Missle Crisis

-The Cuban Missile crisis was when the world was very close to having a nuclear was. At this time the united states alert level was the highest of all time, and Cuba was also ready to use battlefield nuclear weapons in case it got invaded. There were two men who saved this war (canceled it), these two men are John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev.

John F. Kennedy organized the Ex-comm group which was a group of his twelve most important advisor's which handled the crisis. After seven days of guarded and intense debate within the upper echelons of government, Kennedy concluded to impose a naval quarantine around Cuba. He wanted to prevent the arrival of more Soviet offensive weapons on the island.

NATO and Warsaw pact

NATO-Warsaw pact
- The NATO pact also stood for North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Its a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brusells, Belgium and the organization constitutes a system of colective defense where its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

Warsaw Pact
- The Warsaw Pact was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. The treaty was signed in Warsaw, Poland on May 14, 1955. The treaty was an initiative of the Soviet Union and was in direct response to west Germany joining the NATO in 1955.

Schindlers List

- Schindlers list
The hollywood film Schindlers list had extreme detail about what the jewish people were going through at the time of the holocaust. Some of the scenes witch i found very disturbing and that i will never forget is when the lady came to the nazi soldiers/guards and gave them aan idea about the thing they were building. She told them that she was an engineer, when they saw she was trying to act like a smart person they shot her in the back.

Another scene that i will never forget is when the nazis came into the mini hospital where they were keeping jewish sick people and the nazs shot them several bullets in each like they were shooting plastic targets.

Night and Fog

Night And Fog
- The documentary we saw called "Night and Fog" was a very disturbing proccess to see. When you watch the documentary you think to yourself what were all the other countries doing qat this time? watching it on tv and not doing anything even though they had the power.

I think that Night and Fog was a good documantary but not as well as the hollywood version. I think this because Shinlers list showed and explained in detail the everyday life of a jew in germany/poland in the cqamps. How they had to hide in bathrooms, under furniture, under the floor and even in closets just to survive this horror.

The Treaty of versailles

- The treaty of Versailles made germany take responsibility for World War 1. Some effects of the treaty of Versailles for Germany was that they lost 10% of their land. Also 12.5% of Germany's population actually found themselves living outside germany's new borders because of the loss of land. Some of the Rules of the treaty of Versailles was that it would end World War 1, and that Germany would finish paying for World War 1 at year 2020.

I think the treay of Versailles was not fair because they put the whole case on Germany's head. I think that everybody had to be part of the blame because they all started it. All of them should've also payed for the War. I think Historians say that the treaty led to the rise of hitler because Germany was in trouble mostly economy wise and in debt, so they were looking for someone to recover the country.

Mustafa Kemal and the modernization of Turkey

Mustafa Kemal
- Mustafa Kemal put an end to the antiquated Ottoman dynasty whose tale lasted more than six centuries. Then he created the Republic of Turkey in 1923 creating a new government which was the nations will. During his presidency Mustafa introduced sweeping reforms in the political, social, legal, economic, and cultural spheres.

The word secular means, denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis.

Ganhi

Gandhi

- Gandhi was a great leader in Indian history. Gandhi tried and succeeded to win India's Independance from Great Britain. Some of the ways that gandhi did this was by stopping to buy British clothes which gave Great Britain a great loss. Next what he did was, he and his people walked 240 miles to the sea cost to make their own salt, this was called the salt march. This means another loss for the British because now the Indians would not buy salt from them. These are examples of civil disobedience, which means going against law without any violence.

Extra Credit: I think that India's Independance came from both Gandhi and his people. The people could not do it without his ideas, and Gandhi cannot do it without the people because it is not a one man job. During this period of time Great Britain was experiencing freat losses and economic downfall. 

The Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution
- The Russian Revolution consisted of 2 events; the February Revolution and the October Revolution. The February Revolution resulted in moving the Tsar Nicholas II from power and developed crazy street riots. The Russians were also part of World War I but then gave up because they had very little gun supply and weak armies. when the people in front of the line with guns died, the people behind them had to go and pick up their guns.

The Russians had a revolution because they did not like their leader too much (Czar). Some of the major causes that led to this Revolution was because of the major defeat of Russia by Germany. This caused food shortages, and loss of land. The Russians had a leader to their revolution, his name was Vladamir Lenin. He had the same idea ask Karl Marx and his communism. Vladamir Lenin was also the leader of the Bolshevik party, which was a communist party. During the Revolution the Russians killed their old king and his family.

Causes of WWI

-World War I

-Imperialism causes: Africa and parts of Asia were always struggling European countries, because of the raw materials this country provided. The increasing competition and desire for bigger empires, let to more meetings which helped lead into World War I.

-Militarism: By 1914, Germany had their greatest military increase and became stronger. Both Germany & and Great Britian increased their navy forces at this period of time. Germany and Russia's military establishment had a greater influence on the public. The increase of the military power helped lead to World War I.

-Nationalism: A big cause for the World War was because people didnt want slavic people in Bosnia and Herzegovina to be a part of Austria Hungary but to be a part of Serbia.